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Mano Negra were a music band in France, from 1987 to 1995, fronted by Manu Chao. The band, founded in 1987 by Chao, his brother Antoine, and his cousin Santiago Casariego in Paris, France, was very influential in Europe and Latin America during the early 1990s. Although it reached mainstream success in countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Italy, they failed to penetrate the Anglosphere. By 1992 the band got involved in different projects in Latin America that now are considered epic adventures: Cargo 92, where the band traveled to several countries by ship and the "Train of Ice and Fire" that involved traveling through Colombia's rural countryside by train. The band split up around 1995, although many members had already left by 1992. Some follow-up albums and videos were released after the band had split and formed other bands. Mano Negra mixed a number of styles: punk rock, flamenco, ska, raï, salsa, reggae and African rhythms. The band, which is still popular on three continents, had been among the pioneers of world fusion and are a direct influence on countless bands in Europe and South America. The mix of African, Latin and other rhythms is often called ''mestizo'' or ''patchanka'' (which is the name of one of their albums). Mano Negra is now considered a cult band and still spreads their spirit to multiple bands around the world. After the split, Manu Chao embarked on to a solo career that earned more commercial success, due to smoothing his former style into a more friendly and chill sound, very much based on reggae rhythms. ==Name== The name "La Mano Negra" (English: "The Black Hand") was a supposed secret and violent anarchist organization that was founded in Andalusia, Spain, at the end of the 19th century. The Spanish National Police accused most of the Spanish anarchists of being part of the organization. In the 1880s, Andalusia had experienced a severe economic crisis. Due to the resulting misery and famine, farm workers revolted, burning and looting bakeries and numerous orchards. This led to the authorities' carrying out mass arrests and public executions. Despite the debates that took place, for years concerning the existence of this organization, it is now widely recognized in academic circles that it was a type of "false flag" invention by the Sagasta government, in order to suppress peasant revolts in the south of Spain. Chao's parents were political exiles from Spain who moved to France, escaping persecution from the dictatorship of Francisco Franco. ''The Black Hand'' was also the name of a Serbian nationalist underground/terrorist network before and during the First World War (and which supposedly worked out of Masonic lodges). Their most notable members include Gavrilo Princip and the group of assassins who killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, thus triggering the war in 1914. "La Mano Negra" is also a common expression in Spanish to say, "''Aquí hubo mano negra''" ("There was a black hand here") to say that someone with authority, in a particular event, manipulated things illegally for its benefit. The expression is also used sometimes as a name for illegal employment. However, it was while reading a comic (the Condor series by Dominique Rousseau) that the idea came to the group. "Mano Negro" was the name of a band of guerrillas in South America, and the band liked the black-hand symbol. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mano Negra」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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